Animals of Palestine

Killing Incidents of Wild Animals in the State of Palestine in 2013

Article Reference:  Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2014). Killing Incidents of Wild Animals in the State of Palestine in 2013. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 109, January 2014, Rabiea Al Awal 1435 AH. pp. 1-17. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://animals-of-palestine.webs.com/killing-incidents-of-animals

There are so many incidents of the killing of wild animals in the State of Palestine. Often we hear or see in the news about the brutal killing or road-kill of wild animals. Some of the wild animals in Palestine are already on the verge of extinction. If the population of animals kept on decreasing, some species will become extinct. One of the problems we are already facing is poaching, and we have to fight against it to save our fauna. We hear and see always brutal and insensitive animal torture incidents happening in Palestine by the villagers and even city-people.

Wildlife populations depend on their environment or habitat to receive the basic needs for survival. An ecosystem or habitat provides populations of wildlife with food, water, shelter and space. If all four of these basic needs are not available in a suitable arrangement, populations of wildlife cannot exist (University of Illinois Extension). 

All populations of living things are interrelated. When one population of animals or plants increases or decreases, other populations of living things is also affected. The amount of suitable habitat for a species of wildlife will determine the number of animals that can survive in the area. Human activity has the greatest impact on the amount and quality of wildlife habitat in Palestine. Wildlife habitat can be destroyed or its quality diminished as a result of urban sprawl, agricultural practices, pollution, sedimentation, or habitat fragmentation (University of Illinois Extension).

Many endemic organisms have very specific requirements for their survival that can only be found within a certain ecosystem, resulting in their extinction. This can result in the reduction of genetic diversity and perhaps the production of infertile youths, as these organisms would have a higher possibility of mating with related organisms within their population, or different species (Wikipedia).

Men from the Palestinian Village of Jourish have killed a Striped Hyena (Hyaena hyaena) and cut its head! The men said that this hyena was living in the area between the Villages of Duma, Qusra and Jourish, South of Nablus and it killed some sheep in the Village of Duma. 07.02.2013. https://www.paldf.net/forum/showthread.php?t=1081305

Men from the Palestinian Village of Jourish have killed a Striped Hyena (Hyaena hyaena) and cut its head! The men said that this hyena was living in the area between the Villages of Duma, Qusra and Jourish, South of Nablus and it killed some sheep in the Village of Duma. 07.02.2013. https://www.paldf.net/forum/showthread.php?t=1081305

Men from the Village of Dura, near Al Khalil (Hebron) have killed a Striped Hyena (Hyaena hyaena) on 26.05.2013. http://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/440656

Stop the Killing of Hyenas. Al Quds Newspaper. 11.02.2013. www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=207110729434704&set=t.1449797798&type=3&theater

The Syrian Striped Hyena (Hyaena hyaena syriaca) is known from Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Palestine, where it has disappeared from the coastal plain and is becoming rare in the Hula (Huleh) Valley, Upper Galilee, Mount Carmel and the Hebron (Judean) Hills, south to the Naqab Desert and Wadi Araba (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2013). 

The Arabian Striped Hyena (Hyaena hyaena sultana) is known from southern Arabia. In Palestine, it occurs near the southern end of the Dead Sea (Neot Hakikar). A specimen in the collection of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem constitutes the first geographical record for Palestine. It may be that the Arabian race intergrades with the Syrian subspecies in the northern part of its range (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2013).

A Striped Hyena (Hyaena hyaena) have been killed and tortured at a Wadi to the East of Nablus, State of Palestine. Photo by: Mohanad Saaideh. 12.06.2013. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=530787916978684&set=a.113906072000206.12034.100001424415376&type=1&theater

A Syrian Stone or Beech Marten (Martes foina syriaca) have been chased and killed inside the Library of Birzeit University,Birzeit, State of Palestine. 19.08.2013. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=561852787184001&set=a.431191303583484.87926.128336947202256&type=1&theater

Road-killed Palestine Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes palaestina) on Al Jidar Street, Al Bayarat Area, West of Qaffin, Tulkarm Governorate. Info by: Ahmad Al Qassem. 05.08 2013. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=648692595140964&set=a.646198855390338.1073741863.199819240028304&type=3&theater

Two road-killed Persian Common Badgers (Meles meles canescens) near the Triangle of Qaffin, Tulkarm Governorate, State of Palestine. Info by: Ahmad Al Qassem. 30.08.2013 www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=660595873950636&set=t.1449797798&type=3&theater

A Striped Hyena (Hyaena hyaena) killed to the East of Aqraba Town, Nablus Governorate, State of Palestine. 25.08.2013. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=599558326761111&set=a.511635502220061.129580.511617522221859&type=1&theater

A trapped Persian Common Badger (Meles meles canescens) which died from its wounds to the East of Qaffin 1 near Fraseen Area, Tulkarm Governorate, State of Palestine. Info by: Ahmad Al Qassem, Palestine Wildlife Society. 20.08.2013. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=655432797800277&set=a.646198855390338.1073741863.199819240028304&type=3&theater

The Common Badger is the only species of its genus, and it is widespread throughout Europe and Asia, Tibet, northern Burma and southern China. The Persian race Meles meles canescens occurs in Iran, Syria, Lebanon and Palestine, where it is uncommon but has been recorded in Upper Galilee, Marj Bin Amer (Jezreel Valley), upper Jordan Valley and the coastal plain (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2013). 

Badgers are heavily built mustelids. Males are significantly larger than females. Adult females weigh 5-10 kilogram and adult males weigh 7-14 kg. The head and body length is 55-85 cm, the tail length is 10-20 cm, and the skull measures 115-140 mm in total length. The feet are short, with heavy muscles and long claws adapted for burrowing. The tail is short and stubby. The fur is coarse and rough with little underfur. The colour is distinctive with two longitudinal black stripes beginning at the muzzle and broadening posteriorly. A median white stripe provides a contrasting pattern on the head. The back is variable in colour (from brown to buff gray), but the sides and feet are usually black (Qumsiyeh, 1996).

A killed Diademed Sand Snake or Awl-headed Snake (Lytorhynchus diadema) . Facebook Page: Wildlife of Palestine . 12.09.2013. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=608850985831845&set=a.608850875831856.1073741902.511617522221859&type=1&theater

References and Internet Websites

Abd Rabou, Assistant Professor Dr. Abdel Fattah Nazmi (2008). The Golden Jackal one of the Palestinian Environment Animals is being hunted/caught in the Gaza Strip. [Ebn Awa Al-Thahabi min Haywanat Al-Biea Al-Falistiniyah wa yustad haliyaa fi Qitaa’ Ghazza] (in Arabic). Jackal. Palestine Wildlife Society. http://www.wildlife-pal.org/EbnAwa.htm

Abd Rabou, Abdel Fattah N.; Maged M. Yassin, Mohammed R. Al Agha, Dawi M. Hamad, Abdel Karim S. Ali (2007). Wild Mammals in the Gaza Strip, with Particular Reference to Wadi Gaza. The Islamic University Journal (Series of Natural Studies and Engineering), Gaza, Palestine. Vol. 15, No.1, pp. 87-109, 2007, ISSN 1726-6807.

http://www.iugaza.edu/ara/Research/articles/natural15(1)2007pp87-109.pdf

Aharoni, Israel (1917). Zum Vorkommen der Säugetiere in Palästina und Syrien. Z. Mitt. Dt. Paläst. Ver., 40: 235-242.

Aharoni, Israel (1930). Die Säugetiere Palästinas. Z. Säugetierkd. 5: 327-343.

Al-Dabagh, Mustafa Murad (1985). Al-Mamlakatanu Al-Nabatiah wa Al-Haywaniah fi Biladena Filisteen wa Atharuha fi tasmiyati Amkinatiha (The Plant and Animal Kingdoms in our Land Palestine, and its relation to the Names of Sites). Filisteeniat 5. First Edition, Dar Al-Tali’a, Beirut, Lebanon. 1405 H, 1985. pps. 232. (in Arabic).

Ali-Shtayeh, M. S. and Hamad, A. K. (1995). Protection of the Palestinian Environment. Alhasoub Alarabi, Nablus, Palestine. (in Arabic).

Ali-Shtayeh, M. S. and Hamad, A. K. (1997). Biodiversity in Palestine: West Bank and Gaza Strip. (pp. 469-529). In: Proceedings of the Arab Experts meeting on Biodiversity in the Arab World. (Ed. ACSAD: The Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands (Damascus) and the Technical Secretary of the League of the Arab States (Cairo). 1-5 October 1995, Cairo, Egypt. ACSAD/AS/P171/1997. Damascus.

Allen, G. M. (1915). Mammals obtained by the Phillips Palestine Expedition. Bull. Comp. Zool. Harv. Uni. 59: 3-14.

Alon, A. (1969). The Natural History of the Land of the Bible. Jerusalem Publishing House, Ltd., Jerusalem. p. 213.

Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1980). Tabie’t Al-Talawon fi Al-Haywanat (The Colouration of Animals). Al-Biology Bulletin. Number 1. January 1980, Safar 1401. Biological Society, Kuwait University, State of Kuwait. pp. 4-5. (In Arabic). 

Khalaf, Norman (1983). Haywan Al-Ghurair / Al-Gharir fi Falestin wa Shibeh Al-Jazeera Al-Arabia (The Badger in Palestine and the Arabian Peninsula). Al-Khalisah Bulletin. The National Palestinian Assemblage. Kuwait University, State of Kuwait. First Year. Number 2. February 1983. pp. 12 -13. (in Arabic). 

Khalaf, Norman (1983). Al-Numour Fi Falestin (Leopards in Palestine). Al-Khalisah Bulletin. The National Palestinian Assemblage. Kuwait University, State of Kuwait. First Year. Number 3. April 1983. pp. 18 -19. (in Arabic). 

Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1983). The Honey Badger (Mellivora capensis) in the Arabian Peninsula. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. First Year. Number 2. August 1983. pp. 1-30. Hanweiler, Saarland, Federal Republic of Germany. (in Arabic).
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1983). The Brown Bear in Palestine and the rest of the Arabian Peninsula. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. First Year. Number 3. November 1983. pp. 1-6. Al Salimiah, State of Kuwait. (in Arabic). 

Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1984). The Fennec: The Desert Fox (Fennecus zerda). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Second Year. Number 4. April 1984. pp. 1-12. Al Salimiah, State of Kuwait. (in Arabic). 

Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1984-1985). The Weasel Project: Scientific Research on captive weasels (Mustela nivalis, Linnaeus 1766) in the Department of Zoology, University of Durham, Durham, England, during the Academic Year 1984-1985. Supervisor: Dr. Nigel Dunstone. Unpublished scientific research and data & scientific diary. Research Notebook. pp. 1-52. 

Khalaf-von Palaestina, Norman Ali Bassam (1988). The Honey Badger in Kuwait Zoo, State of Kuwait. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 18, Sixth Year, Rabie’ Alakher 1409 AH, November 1988 AD. pp. 1-2. (in Arabic). 

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1990). The Wolf (Canis lupus) in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn- Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 20, Eighth Year, December 1990. pp. 1-11. 

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1991). The Otter (Lutra lutra) in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 22, Ninth Year, February 1991. pp. 1-4. 

 Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1992). An Introduction to the Animal Life in Palestine. Gazelle. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 30, Tenth Year, October 1992. pp. 1-7. (In Arabic). 

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1994). An Introduction to the Animal Life in Palestine. Shqae’q Al-Nouma’n (Anemone coronaria). A Quarterly Magazine Issued by the Program EAI (Education for Awareness and for Involvement). Environmental Education / Children for Nature Protection. In Cooperation with Dept. of General and Higher Education. P.L.O., Palestine. Number 4. Huzairan (June) 1994. pp. 16-21. (In Arabic). 

Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). The Extinct and Endangered Animals in Palestine. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Home Page. Extinct and Endangered Animals and Reintroduction. http://gazelle.8m.net/photo3.html 

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2004). Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2004. / Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2004. ISBN 3-00-014121-9. Erste Auflage / First Edition, Juli 2004: 452 Seiten / Pages. Zweite erweiterte Auflage (Second Extended Edition), August 2004: 460 Seiten / Pages. Norman Ali Khalaf, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Germany. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/ 

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Rafah Zoo in the Rafah Refugee Camp, Gaza Strip, Palestine : A Story of Destruction by the Israeli Occupation Army. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 46, Twenty-third Year, October 2005, Ramadan 1426. pp. 1-11. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (In Arabic). 

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (2005). The Qalqilia Zoo and the Natural History Museum in the City of Qalqilia, West Bank, Occupied Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 47, Twenty-third Year, November 2005, Shawal 1426. pp. 1-10. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (In Arabic). 

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Arabian Carnivores in the Arabia’s Wildlife Centre, Sharjah Desert Park, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 48, Twenty-third Year, December 2005, Thu Alqi’da 1426. pp. 1-9. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic). 

Khalaf, Norman Ali (2005, 2006). Chapter 3: Geography, Flora and Fauna. Pages 32-39. in: Palestine: A Guide. By Mariam Shahin, Photography by George Azar. Co-Author: Norman Ali Khalaf. Northampton, Massachusetts: Interlink Publishing Group, 2005, 2006. xi + 471 pages. Appendices to page 500. Khalaf-von Jaffa, 

Norman Ali (2006). Felidae Palaestina: The Wild Cats of Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 52, April 2006. pp. 1-15. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Felidae_Palaestina.html 

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). Mammalia Palaestina: The Mammals of Palestine. / Die Säugetiere Palästinas. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 55, Twenty-fourth Year, July 2006, Jumada Al-Thania 1427. pp. 1-46. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. 

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2006. ISBN 3-00-017294-7. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2006, 484 pp. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/mammaliaarabica.htm
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The Common Weasel (Mustela nivalis, Linnaeus 1766) in Palestine and the East Mediterranean Region. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 57, Twenty-fourth Year, September 2006. pp. 1-7. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Weasel_Palestine.html 

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (Gründer) (seit Juni 2007). Yahoo! Deutschland Group: Fauna Palaestina. http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/Fauna_Palaestina/ 

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Haywanat Filistin (Fauna of Palestine). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 69, Twenty-fifth Year, September 2007 CE, Sha’ban 1428 AH. pp. 1-4. (in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86 

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palaestina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007, 300 pp. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic, German and English). http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/felidaearabica.htm 

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). Canis aureus palaestina Khalaf, 2008: A New Golden Jackal Subspecies from the Gaza Strip, Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 80, August 2008, Rajab / Sha’ban 1429 AH. pp. 1-13. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Abstract in English). http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Palestine_Golden_Jackal.html 

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. First Edition: September 2008. 396 Pages. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/carnivoraarabica.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2009). Flora and Fauna in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 91, July 2009, Rajab 1430 AH. pp. 1-31. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://flora-fauna-palestine.webs.com/ 

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). Fauna Palaestina – Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2006 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2006. ISBN 978-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009: 412 Seiten/Pages. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart1.htm 

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2010). Fauna Emiratus - Part One. Zoological Studies in the United Arab Emirates between 2004 - 2009. / Fauna Emiratus – Teil Eins. Zoologische Studien in die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate zwischen 2004 - 2009. ISBN 978-9948-15-462-4. Erste Auflage/First Edition, November 2010: 350 Seiten / Pages. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland.
http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunaemiratuspart1.htm 

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2012). Fauna Palaestina – Part Two. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2009 / Fauna Palaestina - Teil Zwei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2009. ISBN 978-9948-16-667-2. 1. Auflage / First Edition : July 2012, Shaaban 1433 H. 208 Seiten / Pages (Arabic Part 120 Pages and the English Part 88 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al Quds (Jerusalem), Palestine. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart2.htm 

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2013). Fauna Palaestina – Part Three. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 2005 – 2012 / Fauna Palaestina - Teil Drei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 2005 – 2012. ISBN 978-9950-383-35-7. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2013, Shaaban 1434 H. 364 pages (English Part 350 Pages and the Arabic Part 14 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart3.htm 

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). The Two Wolf Subspecies (Canis lupus arabs Pocock, 1934) and (Canis lupus pallipes Sykes, 1831) in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 107, November 2013, Muharram 1435 AH. pp. 1-29. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://flora-fauna-palestine.webs.com/palestinewolf1.htm 

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2014). Killing Incidents of Wild Animals in the State of Palestine in 2013. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 109, January 2014, Rabiea Al Awal 1435 AH. pp. 1-17. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://animals-of-palestine.webs.com/killing-incidents-of-animals

Killing Incidents of Wild Animals in India. http://www.walkthroughindia.com/wildlife/killing-incidents-of-wild-animals-in-india/ Kingdon, J. (1990). Arabian mammals: a natural history. Academic Press, London 

Mendelssohn, H., Yom-Tov, Y. (1999). Fauna Palaestina: Mammalia of Israel. The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem, Keterpress Enterprises, 439 pp. 

Qumsiyeh, Mazin B. (1992). Review of “Mammals of Arabia” by D.L. Harrison and P.J. Bates. J. Mammal., 73: 228-229. Qumsiyeh, Mazin B. (1996). Mammals of the Holy Land. Texas Tech University Press. Lubbock, Texas, USA. Pps. 389. 

Talhouk, Abdul Mon’im; Buettiker, Wilhelm; Gasperetti, John; Gasperetti, Patricia R. and Massey, Dick (1981). The Wildlife of Arabia. Stacey International, London. pps. 96. 

This Palestinian Taxidermist’s stuffed Animal Zoo is Heartbreaking. http://www.vice.com/read/the-taxidermy-mausoleum-on-the-west-bank 

Thornback, J. (1976). Mammal Red Data Book. IUCN, Morges, Switzerland. Tiere in der Bibel. http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiere_in_der_Bibel 

Tristram, H. B. (1866). Report on the Mammals of Palestine. Proc. Zool. Soc. London.1866: 84-93.
Tristram, H. B. (1867). The Natural History of the Bible. Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge Publ. London. 515 pp. Tristram, H. B. (1884). The Fauna and Flora of Palestine. The Survey of Western Palestine. Palestine Exploration Fund, London. 455 pp. 

University of Illinois Extension. Wildlife – Just One Piece of the Picture. http://urbanext.illinois.edu/ecosystems/teacherguide2.cfm Wikipedia. Animal trapping. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_trapping

Wikipedia. Habitat destruction. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_destruction 

Wildlife in Al Oja spring site. Palestine Wildlife Society. http://portal.wildlife-pal.org/php/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=19&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0 

World Animal Foundation. Help Save Wildlife. http://www.worldanimalfoundation.net/wildlife.html 

Yom-Tov, Y. (1988). The Zoogeography of the Birds and Mammals of Israel. (pp. 389-410). In: The Zoogeography of Israel: The distribution and abundance at a Zoogeographical crossroad. (ed. Yom-Tov, Y. and Tchernov, E.), Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, viii + 600 pp. 

Yom-Tov, Prof. Yoram (2003). Poaching of Israeli Wildlife by Guest Workers. Biological Conservation, 110: 11-20.

الحياة البرية تطالب بوقف قتل الضباع . 09.02.2013 http://www.wafa.ps/arabic/index.php?action=detail&id=147895

بالصور : تمكن شبان من قرية جوريش من القضاء على ضبع شكل خطراً على المنطقة https://www.paldf.net/forum/showthread.php?t=1081305

جمعية الحياة البرية تستنكر قتل ضبع في دورا http://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/440656

تأثير الإحتلال الإسرائيلي على الحياة البرية http://www.wafainfo.ps/atemplate.aspx?id=2386